5 Signs You May Be a Bad Coworker

1. You dump last-minute work on people when you could have avoided doing so.

2. You complain about people without telling them your beefs directly.

3. You exude negativity.

4. You bring your personal life to the office in ways that make people uncomfortable.

5. You're chronically defensive.

IT Interview Questions:What is ARP?

What is ARP Cache Poisoning?
Address Resolution Protocol (ARP) is a protocol
for mapping an Internet Protocol address (IP address) to a physical machine
address that is recognized in the local network. For example, in IP Version
4, the most common level of IP in use today, an address is 32 bits long. In
an Ethernet local area network, however, addresses for attached devices are
48 bits long. (The physical machine address is also known as a Media Access
Control or MAC address.) A table, usually called the ARP cache, is used to
maintain a correlation between each MAC address and its corresponding IP
address. ARP provides the protocol rules for making this correlation and
providing address conversion in both directions.

What are EDI Drivers?

* Ability to strengthen partnerships
* Improve business processes
* A communication tool to allow new ways to do business
* A preferred way of doing business among Fortune 500 companies
* A business basic for the industry

Would you please move your cars?


It had been snowing for hours when an announcement came over the intercom: "Will the students who are parked on University Drive please move their cars so that we may being plowing." Twenty minutes later there was another announcement: "Will the nine hundred students who went to move fourteen cars return to class."

What does following code do , if we pass head pointer of a link list.

void list( struct node * head)
{
if(head)
{
list(head->next);
printf("%d",head->value);
}
}

Answers:

prints link list in reverse order.

Five Clunker Cars To Avoid

1. Volkswagen Touareg

2. Mercedes-Benz GL450

3. Lincoln MKS

4. Jaguar XF

5. GMC Canyon

What is cloning? And how did recombinant DNA make cloning possible?

Recombinant DNA

Recombinant DNA technology emerged as a response to the need for specific DNA segments in amounts sufficient for biochemical analysis. The method entails clipping the desired segment out of the surrounding DNA and copying it millions of times. The success of recombinant DNA technology, by which microbial cells can be engineered to produce foreign proteins, relies on the faithful reading of the corresponding genes by bacterial cell machinery, and has fueled most of the recent advances in modern molecular biology. During the last twenty years, studies of cloned DNA sequences have given us a detailed knowledge of gene structure and organization, and have provided clues to the regulatory pathways by which the cell controls gene expression in the multiple cell types comprising the basic vertebrate body plan. Genetic engineering, by which an organism can be modified to include new genes designed with desired characteristics, is now routine practice in basic research laboratories. It has provided the means to produce large amounts of highly purified normal and mutant proteins for detailed analysis of their function in the organism.

Recent advances in this technology have also changed the course of medical research. Exciting new approaches are being developed to exploit the enormous potential of recombinant DNA research in the analysis of genetic disorders. The new ability to manipulate human genetic material has opened radically new avenues for diagnosis and treatment, and has far-reaching consequences for the future of medicine. Yet the basic principles of recombinant DNA, like the structure of DNA itself, are surprisingly simple.

Cloning DNA

Molecular cloning provides a means to exploit the rapid growth of bacterial cells for producing large amounts of identical DNA fragments, which alone have no capacity to reproduce themselves. The fragment of DNA to be amplified is first inserted into a cloning vector. The most popular vectors currently in use consist of either small circular DNA molecules (plasmids) or bacterial viruses (phage). The vectors contain genetic information that allows bacterial DNA replication machinery to copy them. After insertion of the foreign DNA, the plasmid or phage vector is re-introduced into a bacterial cell. The growing bacterial culture replicates the foreign DNA, along with the vector, in hundreds of copies per cell. This process yields multiple, identical clones of the original recombinant molecule. It is easy to harvest vectors from the bacterial culture, and release the amplified foreign DNA fragments with the same restriction enzyme used to insert the original DNA fragment into the vector (Figure 4, top). The power of molecular cloning is remarkable: a liter of bacterial cells engineered to amplify a single fragment of clones human DNA can produce about ten times the amount of a specific DNA segment than could be purified from the total cellular content of the entire human body.

For analysis of long stretches of DNA, eukaryotic vectors that can grow in yeast have been developed which can hold megabases of foreign DNA. These vectors mimic yeast chromosomal structure, so that they are replicated along with the native yeast chromosomes every time a yeast cell divides. Yeast Artifical Chromosomes, or YACs, are often the only way to clone extremely large genes including huge introns all in one continuous piece. YACs also provide a way to propagate DNA in a eukaryotic cell, where DNA modification, an important part of the eukaryotic genetic regulatory machinery, is more likely to be retained (more on this later). YACs are increasingly useful in the many Genome Projects underway, as we aim to understand the metastructure of chromosomes, where the placement and arrangement of genes within the "junk" DNA surrounding them may hold as yet undiscovered regulatory information for packaging and accessibility.

Amplification of Recombinant DNA

The DNA segment to be amplified is separated from surrounding genomic DNA by restriction enzyme cleavage, which often produces staggered or sticky ends. In the example illustrated here, the restriction enzyme EcoRI recognizes the palindromic sequence GAATTC, and cuts on each strand between G and A (the two strands of the genomic DNA are green and purple). The plasmid vector (brown) is prepared to accept the isolated genomic DNA fragment by cutting the circular plasmid DNA at a single site with the same restriction enzyme, generating sticky ends which are complementary to the sticky ends of the genomic DNA fragment. The cut genomic DNA and the linearized plasmid are mixed together in the presence of a ligase enzyme, which rejoins the bonds in the DNA backbone on each side of the plasmid-genomic DNA junction. This recombinant DNA molecule is then introduced into bacteria which are able to take up plasmid DNA, and then replicate the plasmid as the culture grows.

Question: Difference between a Java interface and a Java abstract class?

Answer:

1. Methods of a Java interface are implicitly abstract and cannot have implementations. A Java abstract class can have instance methods that implements a default behavior.
2. Variables declared in a Java interface is by default final. A Java abstract class may contain non-final variables.
3. Memebers of a Java interface are public by default. A Java abstract class can have the usual flavors of class members like private, protected, etc..
4. Java interface should be implemented using keyword “implements”; A Java abstract class should be extended using keyword “extends”.
5. An interface can extend another Java interface only, an abstract class can extend another Java class and implement multiple Java interfaces.
6. A Java class can implement multiple interfaces but it can extend only one abstract class.
7. Interface is absolutely abstract and cannot be instantiated; A Java abstract class also cannot be instantiated, but can be invoked if a main() exists.
8. In comparison with java abstract classes, java interfaces are slow as it requires extra indirection.

DBA Checklist - Best Practices Backup

1. All production databases should be set to use the full recovery model. This way, you can create transaction log backups on a periodic basis.
2. Whenever possible, perform a daily full backup of all system and user databases.
3. For all production databases, perform regular transaction log backups, at least once an hour.
4. Perform full backups during periods of low user activity in order to minimize the impact of backups on users.
5. Periodically test backups to ensure that they are good and can be restored.
6. Backup first to disk, then move to tape or some other form of backup media.
7. Store backups offsite.
8. If using SQL Server column encryption, or SQL Server 2008 Transparent Data Encryption, be sure to backup the service master key, database master keys, and certificates.
9. If you find that backup times take longer than your backup window, or if backup file sizes are taking up too much space on your storage device, consider a third-party backup program, such as SQL Backup Pro. SQL Server 2008, Enterprise Edition, includes backup compression.
10. Document, step-by-step, the process to restore system and user databases onto the same, or a different server. You don’t want to be looking this information up during an emergency.

US Immigration Glossary - Cancellation of Removal

A discretionary benefit adjusting an alien’s status from that of deportable alien to one lawfully admitted for permanent residence. Application for cancellation of removal is made during the course of a hearing before an immigration judge.